Critical Inquiry in a Text-Based Rnvironment: Computer Conferencing in Higher Education. The Internet and Higher Education

Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: Computer conferencing in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 2(2-3), 87-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-7516(00)00016-6 Summary This article introduces the Community of Inquiry (CoI) model, which includes three main elements essential for effective online learning: cognitive presence, social presence, and teaching presence. …

 Examining Social Presence in Online Courses in Relation to Students’ Perceived Learning & Satisfaction

Richardson, J. C., & Swan, K. (2003). Examining social presence in online courses in relation to students’ perceived learning and satisfaction. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 7(1), 71-88. Summary Abrami et al. (2011) explain that interaction is a key part of online and distance learning. They point out three main types of interaction that influence student learning: …